Lummi Master Weaver Fran James Walks On

By Richard Walker,  Indian Country Today Media Network

Love was the common thread in everything Fran James did, whether serving her faith, hosting an unexpected guest, passing on a teaching, or weaving a basket, hat, robe or shawl.

She loved God and worshipped regularly at St. Joachim’s Church, where her passing was mourned May 2. She loved her Coast Salish culture, and taught countless others how to weave using cedar fiber, bear grass, or mountain goat wool. She shared her life and knowledge with everyone and taught all that wanted to learn, family members said. And she loved the company of others; her home was constantly abuzz with visitors.

“You have to ask why she always had so many people around her, what’s the magic,” said Darrell Hillaire, former chairman of the Lummi Nation. “The magic was ordinary love.”

Her view of how to live was simple: Love God. Love others. Don’t gossip. Keep your hands busy. Do your best.

“Her passing has left a void. The fabric that joins us together has weakened,” said Richard Jefferson, a nephew. “But because of all who learned from her, the fabric will grow strong again.”

James, who was known by her Lummi name, Che top ie, and by most people as Auntie Fran, walked on April 28 after surgery for a blocked artery. She was 88.

On May 2, a procession escorted her body six miles from Moles Funeral Home in Ferndale, Washington to St. Joachim’s Church on the Lummi reservation. Pallbearers carried her coffin up the flower-lined steps of the 1861 church, led by drummers and singers. Overflow seating was provided outside, with the funeral Mass shown on two screens.

After Mass, the funeral moved on to the Lummi Nation Cemetery. One by one, mourners dropped handfuls of dirt into the grave and offered hugs and words of comfort to the family. There was a mix of Native songs and Christian hymns, a melding of her faith and her culture. A priest said James had long prayed for the canonization of Kateri Tekakwitha, saying, “She was not only a devout Catholic, she was a devout Native American and wanted to see those two things together.”

The family hosted lunch at the Wexliem Community Building. Love offerings were made to the family, and the family gave gifts to all guests; among the gifts were art prints, beaded necklaces, and bundles of James’s fabric tied with a strand of spun wool—a reference to James’s favorite saying, “Weaving together the fabric of our lives.”

She was born Frances Gladys Lane on May 20, 1925 on Portage Island, Washington. She was raised by her grandmother there, where they raised 500 head of sheep. Her grandmother knitted and sold socks for about 25 cents a pair. Fran learned to spin and knit from her grandmother at the age of 9. She also learned to gather traditional materials and became a master weaver. Her work included twill-plaited cedar and cherry fiber bags; cedar and bear grass baskets of all shapes and uses; cedar hats; split and braided mats of cattail or cedar; elegant blankets and robes of handspun, twill-woven mountain goat or sheep wool.

She taught basketry and weaving at Northwest Indian College. She was a guest artist and instructor until her passing; events and venues included the annual Gathering of Native Artists at the Skagit County Historical Museum, the Northwest Native American Basketweavers Association, and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, which houses a collection of her work. Her work is shown in major Northwest galleries, among them Stonington Gallery in Seattle and Arctic Raven Gallery in the San Juan Islands.

Today, James and her son, Bill—a well-known artist and hereditary chief of the Lummi Nation—are credited with reviving and continuing the traditional weaving skills of the Lummi people. In 1990, the Washington State Historical Society presented Fran and Bill James with the Peace and Freedom Award for “[advancing] public understanding of the cultural diversity of the peoples of Washington state.” In 2002, Fran James was inducted into the Northwest Women’s Hall of Fame as “a nationally recognized Native American artist.”

Theresa Parker, Makah/Lummi, a niece, told of learning how to weave from her Aunt Fran.

“I used to love watching her weave with wool,” Parker said. “I told her, ‘We only have two or three wool weavers down here [at Makah]. That’s something we’re lacking.’ She said, ‘You can come up here anytime.’ ”

During one visit, James had acquired wool from 28 shears, each weighing 5 to 8 pounds. “We washed the wool and laid it out to dry in the back yard. It was such a sight, I’ll never forget that,” Parker said.

One of the sheep that had been sheared was named Henry; he was considered spoiled because his owner allowed him to wander wherever he pleased. As a result, his wool often had burrs that had to be removed.

Midway into removing the troublesome burrs, James told her niece, “Whenever you’re having a rough day, just remember Henry and you’ll get through it.”

In his eulogy at St. Joachim’s Church, Jefferson said his aunt’s work ethic made an indelible impression. He told of a time he and his sons took a load of wood to Aunt Fran’s home. She pointed to the place where she wanted it unloaded, and told them she’d stack it later.

“I was amazed. She was in her 80s then, but that’s how she was,” he said. “She wasn’t afraid of hard work. She was strong, confident and proud.”

Amid that indefatigable energy was humility. The Rev. Khanh Nguyen, pastor of St. Joachim’s Church, said James “put a lot of time and energy into the church. But she didn’t tell you about it. She never said, ‘I did this.’ ”

Throughout the day, people shared with each other what they learned from Aunt Fran, how her legacy will live on through those who follow her example and teachings.

Hillaire said James was not one for idle time or gossip. She only had good things to say about others, and would always end a thought about someone else with “God bless their heart.”

“Her legacy will live on through us and the lives we lead,” she said.

Addressing the vast crowd that gathered graveside to honor his aunt, Jefferson spoke of the importance of spending time and sharing love with others, as his Aunt Fran did. “Don’t let them be alone, go share a meal with them,” he said. “You have those teachings. Follow through.”

Fran James is survived by her son; sisters, Ernestine Gensaw, Rena Ballew, and Beverly Cagey; and numerous nieces and nephews. Her memorial program said she was also “culturally survived by many sons, daughters, nieces, nephews, grandkids, and great-grandkids.”

 

Read more at http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/05/06/lummi-master-weaver-fran-james-walks-149230

Native American activist Horse Capture dies

Native American activist, curator and professor George Horse Capture has died in Great Falls. He was 75.

The Associated Press

GREAT FALLS, Mont. — Native American activist, curator and professor George Horse Capture has died in Great Falls. He was 75.

Horse Capture, a member of the Gros Ventre tribe, died April 16 of kidney failure, his family said.

Horse Capture was an author, archivist and curator at the Plains Indian Museum at the Buffalo Bill Historical Center in Cody, Wyo. He served as assistant professor at Montana State University, taught at the College of Great Falls and worked for the National Museum of the American Indian at the Smithsonian.

But his foremost passion was for the Gros Ventre – also known as the A’ani, or White Clay People.

“What he did in his life, he did for his tribe,” Kay Karol said of her husband. “He wasn’t looking for fame or fortune. He was looking for a positive response for Indian people in a white world that still can be pretty discriminating.”

Horse Capture was one of hundreds of protesters who filled the abandoned prison grounds of Alcatraz Island in the San Francisco Bay in 1969, while 14 Native American protesters occupied the prison itself, the Great Falls Tribune reported (http://gftrib.com/18cwBXt).

The protesters demanded the U.S. government’s acknowledgement of its broken promises to Native Americans.

“I had to be part of it,” Horse Capture later told his friend Herman Viola. “I realized that history was being made. This was the first time tribes from across the country had gotten together for a cause – our cause.”

Horse Capture was born in 1937 and spent his early childhood in poverty on Montana’s Fort Belknap Indian Reservation. He moved to Butte as a teenager to live with his mother.

After graduating from high school, Horse Capture enlisted in the Navy. He later moved to Los Angeles, got married, began raising a family and was hired as state steel inspector for California’s Department of Water Resources.

Then the Alcatraz Island protest happened. Horse Capture wasn’t there for the entire 19 months the prison was occupied, but he said the experience still changed his life.

Horse Capture resigned from his job and enrolled in the Indian Studies program at University of California-Berkley. He became an intern at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., which was then working to develop its tribal archives.

Horse Capture went on to receive his master’s degree at Montana State University. In 1979, he was hired as the first curator of the Plains Indian Museum.

His passion was tracking down the lost artifacts of the Gros Ventre that museums and private collectors had snapped up. He located and cataloged as many of those artifacts as he could.

In 1994, Horse Capture was selected as deputy assistant director for cultural resources at the National Museum of the American Indian at the Smithsonian, where he was determined to make it a museum for Native peoples, not just about them.

“He was really putting this out for Indian people to take pride in the beauty and richness of their culture and traditions,” said Viola, now curator emeritus for the museum.

As he got older, diabetes and a weak heart began to slow Horse Capture down. But he finished his A’ani Tribal Archive Project, a massive digital collection of words, photographs and audio recordings.

In early February, at the age of 75, Horse Capture presented his work for and to the A’ani people, as well as to various institutions of higher learning across the United States.

He died two months later and was buried April 21 at Fort Belknap.

Information from: Great Falls Tribune, http://www.greatfallstribune.com

Lummi Nation mourns Fran James, elder and weaver

Published: April 30, 2013

 By JOHN STARK — THE BELLINGHAM HERALD

 

LUMMI RESERVATION — Those who knew Fran James well used the same word to describe her: humble.

James, a renowned weaver who shared her skills with her Lummi Nation community and many others, died April 28 at 88. She was widely known as “Auntie Fran.”

“She definitely gave more than she received,” said Darrell Hillaire, a former chairman of the Lummi Indian Business Council. “She definitely decided to share her life with the world, and through her weaving she was able to do that. … She thought that was representative of weaving our lives together.”

Hillaire and others said James taught a lot more than weaving. Her life itself was an example — a life that Hillaire described as “pure, simple, hard-working and generous.”

“She did those first things in order to be the last thing,” Hillaire said. “She gave everything, most importantly her time. She treated everyone with respect. … She always said that people should keep their hands busy. It kept them out of mischief.”

James’ weavings have appeared at the Seattle Art Museum, and are for sale at the Stonington Gallery in Seattle. She and her son Bill James, traditional hereditary chief of the Lummi people, have played an important role in keeping weaving and other traditional practices alive.

Makah Nation weaver Carl Irving credited Fran James with inspiring new generations to carry on the weaving tradition. Tribal communities from Alaska to California are mourning her passing, he said.

“It is because of her encouragement that I became the weaver I am,” Irving said. “She is the one who told me, ‘You keep going! You keep going!’ There are numerous lives she has touched — uncountable. … It’s like losing the Queen of England to the British people, that’s how big of a loss it is to us. They don’t make them like that anymore.”

Lummi Nation member Freddy Lane said he made a point of dropping by James’ home to share his catch every time he went clamming.

“She’d shake my hand and give me a little bit of gas money,” Lane said. “Every year we would have a clambake for her.”

Once, Lane said, Auntie Fran told an acquaintance that he had been doing his clambakes wrong.

“She said, ‘You’re using the wrong kind of seaweed. You’ve got to use the lettuce, the really light green seaweed.'”

As Lane explained it, a traditional clambake on the beach uses rocks in a pit, heated with a wood fire. The big horse clams are piled in first, with smaller butter and steamer clams on top. Then the whole thing is covered with seaweed while the clams cook.”

The different seaweed has a different taste and it salts them differently,” Lane said, adding that the first time he tried it Auntie Fran’s way, “The clams were exquisite.”

Shirley Bob, a niece, said she never knew her Auntie Fran to hold a grudge against anyone.

“She taught me a lot, just the way she carried herself, being humble and kind to everybody,” Bob said. “She showed me how to knit. She showed me how to do baskets. She would say, ‘Love love!’ That meant she loved us. I’m going to miss that.”

Evelyn Helen (Hatch) Cross

Evelyn Hatch CrossEvelyn Helen (Hatch) Cross was born on February 13, 1934 at the Old Tulalip Hospital. She went to be with the lord on April 25, 2013, in Everett, WA.

Evelyn met her beloved Vernon and they were married on July 1961. They lived in Tacoma, WA, just off of Fairbanks hill. She was a scorekeeper for the Tacoma Bucks Basketball Team. She coached a baseball and basketball team named the Tommiettes. She also played pool Vegas 8 ball, mixed double league, she loved her pool! Her favorite hobby was her beading; she made a lot of her ties, earrings etc. We know that there are many people who have some of her work so please cherish it. One of her favorite things to do was travel all over, and oh my gosh if you ever got on the car with her you never knew where you would end up at or when you were going to be home and you didn’t even have a chance to pack a bag.

She is survived by her children, Cheryl (Jim) Anderson, Kathy (Frank) Jackson and Marvin (Jenny) Cultee; her daughter-in-law, Leah Cultee. She also has a foster daughter, Debbie Foster; her brothers and sisters, Donna (Dick) Muir, Sally Prouty, Illene (Chuck) James, Cynie (Max) McGee, Donald Hatch Jr. and Roy Hatch; special brother, Dale Jones; special friend, Rose Sicade; two special young ladies: granddaughter, Catrina Cultee, who was one of her caretakers; great niece, Lorina Jones, who she loved very much; many grandchildren, great-grand-children, and great-great- grandchildren.

She is reuniting in heaven with her husband, Vernon Cross; sons, Harry and Edward Cultee; brother, Larry (Scratch) Hatch; sister, Elma Hatch; brother-in-law, Will Prouty; sister-in-law, Barbara Hatch; parents, Donald and Katherine Hatch Sr.; grandchildren, Tiffany McCLoud and Edward Cultee and Miajae Cultee; and Baby, Evelyn Cultee.

Visitation were held Monday, April 29, 2013 from 2 p.m. to 3 p.m. at Schaffer’s Funeral Home. Evening services will be at 6 p.m. at Family Home. Funeral Services will be Tuesday, 9:00 a.m. at the Donald Hatch Jr. Youth Center. Burial will be at Cushman Cemetery in Puyallup, WA.

Henry “Hank” Delano Gobin Kwi tlum kadim

Hank_Gobin

Hank was born May 29, 1941 in Tulalip, Washington and entered into rest April 25, 2013.

He is survived by his wife, Inez Bill-Gobin; two  sisters, Anna Mae Hatch (Verle, deceased) and Isabelle Legg (James, deceased); a brother, Earl “Moxie” Renecker (Bernice, deceased); and three sons, Rick, Brian, and Bill Coriz, all of Sante Fe, New Mexico. All three sons whom he raised lost their biological father the same day of the passing of Hank. (These boys send their special heartfelt prayers to our family loss, while they prepare for biological family. Just the same we give our heartfelt prayers too. )

He is preceded in death by his parents, Henry and Isabelle Gobin; and siblings, Shirley, Emery, Daryl, Frank, and John.

Hank was born and raised on the Tulalip reservation. He left at the age of 21 to further his education goals. He attended the Santa Fe Indian Boarding School where he received both his High School diploma and Certificate in Ceramics and Painting at the Institute of American Indian Arts in 1965.

From 1965-1970, he attended the San Francisco Art Institute earning a Bachelor of Fine Arts. He then went on to complete his Master’s degree atSacramento State College in 1971. It goes without saying, Hank held high achievement levels for himself. At SSC he was voted as an immediate art candidate, within a year’s time he received his MA in painting. While at SSC he worked as a teaching assistant in the fields of drawing, watercolor, and oil painting. Again, Hank had determination for success. By the second semester, he had been appointed as ‘Assistant Professor’ teaching Native American Art.

In 1971, Hank returned to the Institute of American Indian Arts where he then taught Ethnic Study courses. One year later he became the Acting Arts Director. Later, he was appointed as the full-time Director which he held for 11 years. After leaving this Directorship position he traveled and painted museum quality pieces across the United States from 1982-1986. Hank then worked for the Affiliated Tribes of Northwest Indians, in Portland OR, from 1986-1987.

Hank returned home in 1989, where his ‘spiritual life’ began. Hank always had this little saying or phrase, “Like a migrating salmon’ returning home”.  His spiritual pathway provided the cultural foundation where it was important in applying these cultural values and beliefs in the day to day aspects of his life. Including while he was the Tribes Cultural Resource Manager (24 years). For example, putting these traditional and cultural values into practice where Hank was instrumental for the development of the Tulalip’s language program.

Hank also worked with the community in setting the foundations of the cultural teachings, protocols, and values surrounding the tribal family canoe journey. He also worked closely with tribal, federal, state and local governments and agencies on issues of cultural and environmental interest and established standards that met the needs and concerns of the Tulalip Tribes’.

Throughout his career, Hank dedicated much of his work towards building a tribal museum; a vision long held by Tribal elders and Tribal Membership. Through hard work and dedication, Hank brought this dream to reality. He advised, initiated, and designed what became the ‘Hibulb Cultural Center and Natural History Preserve’; the place that tells our story in our own words, and honors our past, present, and future people.

Hank’s lifework was dedicated to his people; he was a cultural warrior and advocate. His spiritual beliefs were a prominent aspect of who he was; and it was this spiritual way of life that enabled him to carry out his responsibilities to protect his people’s cultural and environmental interests. Everything about Hank was genuine and his magnetic personality touched the lives of all those who he crossed paths.

Services will be held on  Saturday, April 26, 2013 at the family home. Interfaith services will be held Sunday, April 27, at 6 p.m. at the Tribal Gym. Funeral services will be held Monday, April 28, at 10 a.m. at the Tribal Gym.

Katherine Josephine Yant

Katherine Josephine YantKatherine Josephine Yant, 76, of Vancouver, WA passed away April 18, 2013 at home with her family present.
She was born May 18, 1936 in Esquimalt, BC to Edward and Mary Ann Williams. She and her husband, Fred had lived in Vancouver, BC for 33 years.

Katherine is survived by her husband of 55 years, Fred; children, Thomas Yant, Kenneth Yant, James Yant, Sally Peacock and
Melissa Peacock; and ten grandchildren.

Services will be held Tuesday, April 23, 2013 at 10:00 a.m. at the Tulalip Tribal Gym, Tulalip, WA.

Arrangements entrusted to Schaefer-Shipman Funeral Home, Marysville.

Verle Howard Hatch

Verle HatchVerle Howard Hatch, 83 of Tulalip, WA, passed away April 6, 2013.
He was born November 22, 1929 in Tulalip, WA to Cyrus and Martha Hatch. He served in the Army during the Korean Conflict, where he was a prisoner of war. He met and married Anna Mae Gobin on January 15, 1954. He worked on a tug boat for E.A.

Nord and Foss Tug for many years and he worked and retired at Tulalip Housing. He was active in the Tulalip Color Guard for 25 years.
He leaves his wife of 60 years, Anna Mae; three daughters, Karen Bayne, Vicki Jablonski, and Gloria Hatch; sister Betty Smith; several grandchildren and great-grandchildren; numerous nieces and nephews.
He was preceded in death by his parents; brothers, George Rice, Ernest Dunbar, Wayne Hatch, Cy Hatch; and sister, Frances Jackson.
We love you, Pa, and will miss you greatly!
Visitation will be held Tuesday, April 9, 2013 at 1:00 p.m. at Schaefer-Shipman Funeral Home, followed by an Interfaith service at 6:00 p.m. at the Tulalip Gym. Funeral Services will be held Wednesday, April 10, 2013 at 10:00 a.m. at the Tulalip Gym with burial following at Mission Beach Cemetery.
Arrangements entrusted to Schaefer-Shipman Funeral Home, Marysville.

Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe Elder Adeline Smith Passes Away

Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe elder Adeline Smith died March 19, 2013. She was 95. She was known for helping preserve the Tse-whit-zen village site and the Klallam Language, and played a part in the removal of the Elwha River dams.

From the Peninsula Daily News:

PORT ANGELES — Adeline Smith, the Lower Elwha Klallam tribal elder who played key roles in preserving the site of Tse-whit-zen village, the Elwha River dam removals and documenting the Klallam language, has died.

Smith, who turned 95 last Friday, died Tuesday morning in Tacoma, where she was staying with family members, Lower Elwha Klallam Tribal Chairwoman Frances Charles said Tuesday afternoon.

Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe elder Adeline Smith, at the September 2011 Elwha River Dam Removal ceremony. She passed away March 13, 2013.

Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe elder Adeline Smith, at the September 2011 Elwha River Dam Removal ceremony. She passed away March 13, 2013.

Smith celebrated her 95th birthday with family members and other members of the tribe, Charles said.

No memorial service date has been announced.

Born March 15, 1918, Smith grew up in the Port Angeles area, watching the decline in salmon runs on the Elwha River and the disappearance of Tse-whit-zen village on the Port Angeles Harbor waterfront.

In the early 21st century, she witnessed the preservation of the Tse-whit-sen site after a state dry-dock construction project to build floating-bridge pontoons was halted.

And she celebrated with tribal members at the September 2011 ceremonies to begin the removal of the two Elwha River dams.

Once the reservoir behind the lower Elwha Dam was drained, she witnessed the tribe’s ceremonial creation site that had been inundated since Lake Aldwell was created just before she was born.

Brenda Lee Beatty

BeattyBrenda Lee Beatty, 52 of Tulalip, WA passed away March 13, 2013.
She was born in Shelton, Washington on November 15, 1960 to William Cultee and Shirley Cultee (Beatty).
She is survived by her husband, Rocky; children, Mary Mattern and Misty Flores; son, Travis Mattern; sister, Karen Williams; four grandchildren, Addriona Mattern-Anderson, Caianne Marie Santee, Kayonie Mattern, and Skyler Flores; numerous nieces, nephews, cousins and other relatives and friends.

She was preceded in death by her daughter, Valerie Mattern; parents; two sisters, Suzanne Cultee and Debra Lee Cultee; and granddaughter, Audrey.

Visitation will be held Monday, March 18, 2013 at 1:00p.m. at Schaefer-Shipman with an Interfaith Service following at 6 p.m. at the Tulalip Tribal Gym.

Funeral Services will be held Tuesday, March 19, 2013 at 10:00 a.m. with burial following at Mission Beach Cemetery.

Services entrusted to Schaefer-Shipman Funeral Home, Marysville.

Mary Brave Bird, Author of Lakota Woman, Walks On

By david P. Ball, Indian Country Today Media Network

American Indian activist, author and educator Mary Ellen Brave Bird-Richard walked on at age 58 on February 14, of natural causes.

But for many of her comrades—stretching back to the 1970s Trail of Broken Treaties and the standoff at Wounded Knee—Brave Bird’s struggle for her people will never be forgotten. Her story was immortalized in her American Book Award-winning 1977 memoir, Lakota Woman, which became a made-for-TV film.

“She was one of the strongest women I’ve ever known,” her 34-year-old son, Henry, told Indian Country Today Media Network. “She never went after anyone. She was a really kind, and a really private, person. She’d always teach us to have self-respect and honor. Both of my parents were raised by their traditional grandparents, and that’s how they raised us, too.”

Brave Bird was born in 1954 on Rosebud Reservation, and grew up in poverty, often called a “half-breed” because her father was white. She attended St. Francis Boarding School, where she was forbidden to speak Sioux and forced into Christianity. But as a teenager, her life as an advocate began when she published a newspaper exposing her abuse in the mission school.

She married Leonard Crow Dog, a Sundance Chief and spiritual leader in the American Indian Movement, and had four sons and two daughters. Last year, she remarried, but her husband was killed in an automobile accident only weeks after the wedding, according to her son.

“The first time I saw her, we were at Wounded Knee,” New York-based photographer Owen Luck told ICTMN. “Leonard [Crow Dog] was talking to a bunch of us. Mary just came up and asked who I was and what I was doing there, out of blue. She was just like that—very direct, but very kind. She was very protective of AIM… What I remember most about Mary was she was very kind. She was incredibly loyal to Crow Dog. The word that comes to mind is steadfast.”

Reached at his South Dakota home—the site of annual Sundances known as “Crow Dog’s Paradise”—Crow Dog said Mary’s passion was always freedom for her people.

“From when Lakota Woman was born, she lived a traditional way of life,” he explained. “She respected the waters of life—of the generations. Mary protected the Indian generations of our national tribes. She read a lot of history. What brought her to that was that there is no freedom here in America for Native Americans.”

Brave Bird was buried in Clear Water Cemetery on February 24, on Rosebud Reservation’s Grass Mountain. And though she is remembered for her doting attention for visitors to Crow Dog’s Paradise, she carried inside her a story of suffering which she kept mostly to herself.

“One time she told me, when we were sitting around, what it was like to be raped in the mission school—the nuns had participated in this,” Luck recalled. “She had to trust you to do that. I remember having conversations… when people would come into the room she didn’t know, she’d become immediately silent. She didn’t talk a great deal until she got to know people.”

Luck, a non-Native supporter who kept in touch with Brave Bird in the decades since Wounded Knee, said her biggest lesson for him was how to balance anger at injustice with forgiveness.

“If anything, I learned from her—after Wounded Knee—that you have to have forgiveness,” Luck said. “Of course, there’s still an enormous amount of anger. But I noticed Mary was very, very quick to forgive. I’m not that forgiving.”

For her son Henry, Brave Bird’s legacy is one that affected many. She published her second memoir, Ohitika Woman, in 1993, as well as a book on educational abuses, Civilize Them with a Stick.

“My Mom really opened a lot of doors for Indian country,” Henry said. “When they were going to close our Indian schools, she stood up to the U.S. government and told them, ‘We need Indian education, for Indians.’ She’s pretty well known in Indian country. She did a lot of good things for the tribes. Now it’s official: Her work will go into the future.”

 

Read more at http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/03/14/mary-brave-bird-author-lakota-woman-walks-148164